Perfilación criminal y neurocriminalística: comprensión neurobiológica de la conducta violenta para elaborar perfiles delictivos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70881/hnj/v4/n2/121Palabras clave:
neurocriminalística, perfilación criminal, comportamiento violento, neurobiología, riesgoResumen
El presente trabajo analiza críticamente la literatura reciente sobre la contribución de la neurocriminalística a la comprensión de la conducta violenta y a su posible empleo en la construcción de perfiles, considerando sus restricciones operativas. Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo PRISMA 2020, mediante búsquedas en PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science durante el periodo 2020-2025. Se incluyeron estudios originales, revisiones y modelos predictivos sustentados en neuroimagen, biomarcadores y aprendizaje automático, con prioridad en la solidez metodológica. Quince investigaciones cumplieron los criterios definidos y mostraron alteraciones en circuitos frontolímbicos, sobre todo en la relación entre amígdala y corteza prefrontal, asociadas con problemas en la regulación emocional y con experiencias adversas tempranas. Los abordajes multimodales evidenciaron utilidad para estimar riesgo, aunque no sustituyen los factores clínicos ni sociales. Siguen presentes retos vinculados con la heterogeneidad muestral, la validez externa y la replicabilidad. En este sentido, la neurocriminalística se proyecta como una herramienta complementaria para evaluación y prevención, siempre desde marcos éticos y probabilísticos, evitando enfoques deterministas. Articular hallazgos neurobiológicos con la práctica clínica resulta más sólido: ningún indicador, por sí solo, explica plenamente la violencia. Se recomienda prudencia profesional e interdisciplinariedad para fortalecer decisiones preventivas sin reemplazar el juicio humano penal.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Luis Felipe Matovelle Romero, Diego Fabricio Coello Pinos, María Gabriela Aguaguiña Criollo, Álvaro Sebastián Cumbe Saquisilí, Diego Israel Silva Jáuregui (Autor/a)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
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